I. Carthage to the Hara
Jewish life in Tunisia reaches back to Roman Carthage. The medieval community spoke Judeo-Arabic and maintained Hebrew for liturgy.
II. Livornese, Grana, and Sephardic Layers
Early modern Tunis absorbed Livornese traders and Grana families alongside Musta'ribi synagogues — all reading the same Torah portions.
III. Protectorate, Independence, and Exodus
Tunisian independence and tensions surrounding Israel led most Jews to emigrate to France and Israel by the 1970s.